Global
Structure follows the forum.
Costs rules, security requirements and enforcement routes differ by jurisdiction, and can shape which exposures dominate.
- 01United KingdomCosts shifting makes adverse costs the dominant quantifiable exposure.
- 02United StatesWithout general costs shifting, judgment and capital risk dominate over adverse costs.
- 03EuropeRules differ materially between member states; structure follows the forum.
- 04AustraliaSecurity applications against funded claimants can be routine.
- 05SingaporeA principal seat for international arbitration in Asia.
- 06Hong KongOutcome-related fee structures for arbitration have changed the funding landscape.
- 07Middle EastCommon-law free-zone courts and arbitral centres operate alongside local courts.
- 08International ArbitrationSeat, institution and enforcement route drive the structure more than nationality.
General information only. This page is not legal, financial, investment or insurance advice. Any insurance is subject to underwriting and to the terms of the policy wording issued.
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